Sunday, September 29, 2013

Fruits by the Bushel

Ozaukee County

  • Appleland  - apples
    6330 Hwy B, Belgium, WI. Phone: 262-285-3222. Open: September thru Thanksgiving, Tuesday - Sunday; from 10 am to 4 pm while apples last. Wholesale and retail apples. Pick your own as available in September. Directions: Take I-43 to the Belgium exit and then go west on Hwy D for 3 miles to the four way stop and go north on Hwy B for 3/4 miles and look for the Appleland sign on the right. From Hwy 57 go to Hwy D and go east for 2 miles until the four way stop and go north 3/4 miles and look for the Appleland sign on the right.
    Description: In the store we have pre-picked medium and large apples. We also have deer apples for the hunters and number 2 McIntosh, Cortland and Ida Red. Starting in the middle of September we have pick- your-own McIntosh and Cortland. Apple varieties: Honeycrisp, McIntosh, Cortland, Ida Red, Paula Red, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Gala, Empire, Spartan, Jonathon, Macoun, Rome, Also picked Pears and Plums.
  • Barthel Fruit Farm - strawberries, apples
    12246 N Farmdale Road, Mequon, WI. Phone: 262-242-2737. Email: info@barthelfruitfarm.com. Open: strawberry hours are as follows: open daily 7AM weather and berries permitting. Closing time varies daily; we close when we run out of ripe berries for the day or at 7 PM, whichever comes first. ALWAYS CALL FOR A PICKING UPDATE BEFORE DRIVING OUT. 242-2737 or 242-2774 (PYO hotline). Also picking sugar snap peas and snow peas, supply permitting.
    Fall hours are 9 am to 6 pm Mon through Saturday and  10 to 5 pm Sunday, mid August through New Year or depending on crop. Pick your own as available. Cider, baked goods, pears, plums etc. 
    Comments from a visitor on July 02, 2010: "We just went there today, July 2nd 2010, and the strawberries we got are great! I was worried it was too late in the season, but I personally picked 18lbs myself and they weren't all tiny berries! Plenty of good reg. and big size if you are willing to dig around a little! Extremely friendly & helpful staff, prices are awesome, and a HUGE variety of things to choose from - strawberries, sugar snap peas (picked a whole bag of those too), tomato plants, beautiful flowers, several kinds of apples in fall, on and on!!!! GO - it's worth the trip! We drove an hour and it was well worth the trip! Kids welcome as well! :o) 2 THUMBS UP!"
  • Niemann Orchards - apples, pumpkins, cider, sweet corn, caramel apples
    9932 W. Pioneer Road, Cedarburg, WI 53012. Phone: 262-377-4284. Email: niemana@aol.com
    Comments from a visitor on September 13, 2009:
    "I've been going to Niemann's since I was a little girl. " (Suggested by a visitor, ADDED: September 13, 2009)
  • Polzin Farms - strawberries, U-pick and already picked, farm market, porta-potties
    1758 highway I, Grafton, WI 53024. Phone: 262-375-3276. Email: npolzin@sbcglobal.net. Open: Monday to Saturday 8am to 6 pm and Sunday 8am to 5pm Open on the 4th of July. Directions: From the East,take I-43 to highway 60 (Grafton)exit, go threw Grafton to highway I, turn right 1 mile to 1758 highway I From the West take highway 45 to highway 60 go east past 5 corners, to next stop light which is highway I, turn left go 1 mile to 1758 highway I. Click here for a map and directions. Payment: Cash, Check. (ADDED: June 13, 2010) (UPDATED: July 13, 2011) (UPDATED: June 22, 2013)
  • Roesch Farm (Frank Roesch) - Apples, pears, raspberries, strawberries, grapes, corn, zucchini, yellow squash, red, yellow, green, purple and white bell peppers, hot peppers, tomatillos, all kinds of tomatoes, potatoes, onions, cucumbers, acorn squash, spaghetti squash, butternut squash, pumpkins, dill, parsley, basil, chives, mint. , restrooms, pumpkin patch in the field, pumpkins (brought in from the field), farm animals, tours of the operation
    12422 Farmdale Road, Mequon, WI 53097. Phone: (262) 242-0669. Open: They are usually open daily. Directions: Call for directions. Payment: Cash, Check . Frank allows local schools to bring children there on field trips and organizes tractor rides and farm tours for them. (Suggested by a visitor, ADDED: August 02, 2012)
    Comments from a visitor on October 05, 2012: "This was a very nice farm, had all the vegetables. It was well organized, and they had kids play area which helped the kids take some time off the field. The prices were much cheaper compared to the grocerry stores. Apple pickign was not allowed this year due to bad weather casuing the Apples to go bad."
    Comments from a visitor on August 02, 2012: "I have been going to this farm for almost 15 years and it is one of my favorite tranquil places to go. I have picked a large variety of fruits, veggies and herbs at "R" Apples. Frank has been farming his entire life. He really takes pride in his work and loves to show customers around the farm. He also has an little antique store inside the barn and raises chickens, turkeys and other farm animals. Frank grows a large variety of fruits, vegetables and herbs. I can get all the produce I need there for a fraction of the cost of a grocery store. The farm is well maintained and their produce is delicious. Its a family owned business and Frank is one of the nicest people I've ever met. "
  • Witte's Vegetable Farm - PYO Beans, Tomatoes, Peppers, Beets and Fall Raspberries, pumpkin patch- already gathered from the field
    10006 Bridge Road, Cedarburg, WI 53012. Phone: 262-377-1423. Fax: 262-375-0386. Email us at: wittes.veg@gmail.com. Directions: We are located 2.5 miles west of down town Cedarburg on Bridge Road. And for a map to our farm, click here. Crops are usually available in August, September, October. Open: Starting July 5th through October 31st Monday to Saturday 8 am to 8 pm Sunday 8 am to 6 pm The best Pick Your Own vegetables usually starts around Labor Day in Wisconsin. Our Pick Your Own raspberries are the fall type. Payment: Cash, Check. Fresh picked peas are sold in our stand. Click here for our Facebook page. (UPDATED: August 21, 2012)
    Comments from a visitor on August 18, 2011:
    "I live on the boarder of WI in Illinois. Yesterday I went to this farm hoping to get a basket of green beans for canning. WOW! Very nice people, very beautiful produce. The farm was very clean and had an abundance of green beans. I also picked up a flat of blueberries to make some jam. Raspberries will be ready in a week or so. I'll be back for them. This was worth the trip! We took 4 kids along to help pick. Great experience...thank you! Tell others that this place is worth the trip. Wish I had something closer to home like this...but until I find it, I'll be back! Thank you from this happy flat-lander! (born and raised in WI):D Terrie"

Racine County

  • Apple Holler - Apples, pears, pumpkins
    5006 S. Sylvania Avenue, Sturtevant, WI.  Phone: 262-886-8500. Email: info@appleholler.com. Open: 9 to 6 pm; 7 days a week year-round. Country gift shop and year-round restaurant in old cow barn. Hayrides, sleigh rides, bonfires, legend of Johnny Appleseed, build your own taffy apples. Apple pancakes and apple cinnamon rolls in restaurant. Also fresh picked, cider, caramel apples and apple butter. Sweet corn, honey, jams and jellies, maple syrup, gift baskets.  (UPDATED: December 12, 2011, from their website)
    Comments from a visitor on September 22, 2012: (negative) "We went on our annual family apple picking outing today, Sept. 22, 2012, to Apple Holler. It was a truly disappointing experience for the 1st time in years. We were surprised with having to pay to park. We noticed everyone was newly uniformed and the play area had been revamped. We were shocked at $60 for a bag to pick apples. (Less than $40 last year & even less in prior years). After paying to rent a wagon, we were told that you can no longer walk the orchard to the apples. We were herded to the tractors, driven out to where the apples were ready and dropped off. The orchard itself was pretty bare but in front of the rows were giant boxes of pre-picked apples. NOT the experience we were used to at Apple Holler. If I want to pay $60 to "pick" apples out of a bin, I'd go to a gourmet supermarket! A heads up from the staff about the changes when we were buying the bag would've been nice. We left. Never ate or "picked" a single apple. "
    Comments from a visitor on September 19, 2012: (negative)"I visited Apple Holler 9/15/12 and was taken back by their prices, customer service and the lack of actual "Apple Picking". I took my 3 year old son to enjoy some apple picking, what we got was a hole in our pocket from all the things requiring money. First off I was quoted by the Cashier when you first purchase your ticket to enter that the $60 bag included apple picking and the park area as well as the hay ride and some kiddie rides. I wouldn't have bothered making the purchase if that wasn't true. We go to the tractor and boy do they give you the real life experience of being hearded like a farm animal. There are no signs of where you go or stand or can you simply walk out to the field like they used to allow. There's simply a "Abercrombie & Fitch" high school graduate yelling at people to back up or to step back. There was no politeness in his voice so again hearding comes to mind. The "hay ride" (which was simply a big tractor pulling a wagon or train style smaller wagons) was nice, the gentleman driving the tractors were polite and well mannered. Once you arrive at the area designated for picking you are greeted by yet again another "A&F" student surrounded by crates saying there are no pickings to simply grab your selection from these overnight refrigerated apples. Once you're done you hop back on the wagon & ride back up front to meet the "A&F" drill sargeant yet again yelling out commands. They check your receipt & you're free to go. Mind you having a 3 year old it's not that simple he wants to feed the goats & play. We stop at a slide which has no signage stating tickets are required to slide down. The young lady being her first day was nice enough to allow my son to go down on the slide because I explained to her as well as another parent before me that we purchased $60 bags & were informed that the price included everything. (I as well double checked with that sales rep and pointed at the playing area & again she confirmed, "Yes everything in that area") My son decided going down once wasn't enough & ran back up, again there are no signs so why not. The same gentleman that was previously hearding people like sheep happened to switch places with the nice young lady who was there before. He decided to get in a yelling match with my mother who accompanied my son up the slide & demand she get a ticket for riding on the slide. Again like a broken record I informed him of the situation, he decided to give some attitude & then once done at the slide decided to follow us through the entire children's area. I paid $60 for a sack of refrigerated apples, two times down a slide, and one angry "Abercrombie & Fitch" high school student who likes to play drill sargeant. I refuse to be yelled at someone twice as young as me, they need to retrain their Customer Service staff because apparently manners & communication are poorly trained if at that."
    Comments from a visitor on June 12, 2012: (positive) "I would completely disagree with the review that is currently posted for Apple Holler. I have been there several times, most recently in 2011. I have never had to pay for parking (I've parked in their lot and on the street). A new playground was recently added and the rest of the kids area is in good condition. It does get very crowded, but I've experienced this at any farms I have gone to during their high seasons.. "
    Comments from a visitor on September 08, 2008: (negative) "We went to Apple Holler in Racine County, WI last year. There are a few things visitors should be aware of. During prime picking season it gets very crowded on weekends. It is also very expensive and very little is free (except general admission and the porta potties). It costs money to park your car, for rides and activities, wagon rental, etc. Bring plenty of cash. A small bag of apples was $30. The orchards are deeply rutted and difficult for people with strollers. The place is generally dirty and rundown. The kid's play area consisted of ramps made with rotting boards stacked on broken concrete and pallets with nails sticking out. Not very safe. Employees and visitors were equally crabby, but I can't blame them because it was so crowded. Maybe weekdays are better, but I don't think we will go back."
  • Klee's Out On A Limb Acres - pick-your-own Red Raspberries, Currents, and Gooseberries
    4704 West 7 Mile Road, Caledonia, WI 53108-9740. Phone: (262) 835-7728. Open: Mid-August thru October, Fridays-Sunday only; Other days by appointment; Open Friday from 12:00pm - 4:00pm, Saturday/Sunday from 9:00am - 6:00pm. Directions: From I-94 exit 326 travel West on 7 Mile Road 1.5 miles. We are on the North side of 7 Mile Rd. between 43rd and 51st Streets. We are a small Wisconsin orchard offering roadside sales of pre-picked modern as well as heirloom apples and pears. By appointment beginning in July we also offer, pick-your-own Red Raspberries, Currents, and Gooseberries. Please call ahead for availability!!! Apple varieties: Cortland, Wolfriver, Snow, McIntosh, Greening, Yellow Transparent, HoneyCrisp, SnowSweet, Russetts, Red Delicious, Centinial Crab, Dolgo Crab, and Yellow Newtown Pippin. We have a lot more cultivars planted but they are not producing yet. Other Fruit: Pears (we been told we have the BEST pears!), Red White and Black Currents, Several varieties of Gooseberris, Red Raspberries. (ADDED: April 15, 2010, from their website)
  • Old Homestead Orchard - apples, pumpkins, raspberries (red), raspberries (Autumn, red), raspberries (black), raspberries (Spring, black), tomatoes, Turkeys, Honey from hives on the farm, Fresh eggs, U-pick and already picked, farm market, gift shop, restrooms, picnic area, farm animals
    7814 Raynor Ave, Franksville, WI 53126. Phone: 262-895-6747. Email: info@oldhomesteadorchard.com. Open: Please call ahead for Pick Your Own availability. Click here for current open hours, days and dates. Picking updates: Click here for picking updates. Directions: Located 8 Miles West of I-94 at Highway 45 and 7 Mile Road. Click here for a map and directions. Payment: Cash, Check, Visa/MasterCard, Discover, AmEx. Click here for our Facebook page. (UPDATED: August 19, 2012) (ADDED: August 30, 2011)
  • Walvoord Farm Berries - peas, strawberries,
    21632 Plank Road Racine County Hwy A, Kansasville, WI 53139. Phone: 262-878-0488. Email: walvoordr@archmil.org. Directions: Located in Racine County on highway A, 1 mile east of highway 75 and 1.5 miles west of highway 45. From Milwaukee: I94 east, Exit 333. highway 20 west 1/2 mile. Left on highway C and then immediate right on highway A. 6 miles west on highway A. From Kenosha: I94 west, Exit 333. highway 20 west 1/2 mile. Left on highway C and then immediate right on highway A, 6 miles west on highway A. From Racine: highway 20 west to 1/2 mile west of I94. Left on highway C and then immediate right on highway A (Plank Road). 6 miles west on highway A. And for a map to our farm, click here. Crops are usually available in June, September, October. Open: Strawberry Season: open daily (Sunday through Saturday) 7:00 am to 6:00 pm Strawberries: Mid June to early July Pumpkins and Fall decorations: September and October. Payment: Cash, Check. (UPDATED: July 30, 2008)  (UPDATED: July 11, 2013, from their website)
  • WCC Farm - CERTIFIED ORGANIC, raspberries (Fall)
    21414 7 Mile Road, Franksville, WI 53126. Phone: (262) 895-2661. Email: wcc.farms@yahoo.com. Open: from Saturday, August 7th; on Wednesday and Thursday from 9 am to 5 pm and Saturday and Sunday from 9 am to 3 PM. Directions: located on 7 Mile Road, ½ mile west of Highway 45 or 6 ½ miles west of I-94 in Southeast Wisconsin. We have certified organic U-pick fall bearing raspberries. (ADDED: June 1, 2010. from press reports)

Washington County

  • Brunner's Orchard - apples
    7420 Sleepy Hollow Dr, West Bend, WI. Phone: 262-334-3943. 1 mile N of West Bend and R of Hwy 45. Open: daily 7 am to about 6 pm.
  • The Fideler Farm - raspberries, rhubarb, strawberries, pumpkins, and prepicked produce, snacks and refreshment stand, restrooms, picnic area, farm animals, school tours
    2863 Ridge Road, Kewaskum, WI 53040. Phone: 262-338-0494. Directions: 40 minutes north of Milwaukee right off of Highway 45 North. And for a map to our farm, click here. Crops are usually available in June, July, August, September, October. Open: Call for hours of operation during each season. Strawberries are available June 15- July 4. Summer raspberries start about July 15. Fall Raspberries start August10 until the first hard freeze in October. Pumpkins, gourds, and Indian corn are available the last weekend in September until Halloween. Payment: Cash, Check.
  • Basse's Taste of Country - pyo Strawberries, peas, pumpkins.
    3190 County Road Q, Colgate, WI, 53017. Phone: (262) 628-2626. Directions: click here for a map  and directions. Open: U-Pick: 7-5 Daily Until Done Store: 9-5 Daily (Strawberry Season Only) They have restrooms/wash stations/petting zoo/kid activities/corn maze/hay rides/school tours They do accept credit cards and also have a store with crafts, pre made jams/jellies/, ice cream stand, homemade items, apple cider, and prepicked fruits and veggies. Strawberries: Available mid-June until season end. Peas: Sugar, Garden and Snow Peas. Available mid-June until season end. UPICK hours: 7am-5pm Daily (weather permitting). UPICK Store hours: 9 am to 5pm Daily. UPICK seasons are approximate. Please call Produce Hotline at 262-628-3866 to confirm crop status.
    UPDATE: June 11, 2010 - A visitor tells me that the farm's phone sometimes get's overwhelmed.  You have to try a few times to get through"
  • Peck & Bushel Fruit Company - Certified Organic, apples,
    5472 County Road Q, Colgate, WI 53017. Phone: 414-418-0336. Email: joe@peckandbushel.com. Open: Various dates, depending on available apple variety. Click here for current open hours, days and dates. Picking updates: Click here for picking updates. Directions: Our organic apple orchard is located in Southeastern Wisconsin about 30 minutes northwest of Milwaukee and one hour east of Madison. We are located in the Town of Erin on County Road Q between Waukesha County and Washington County. We are approximately five miles west of Highway 41/45 or two miles west of Highway 164. Click here for a map and directions. Please check our Facebook page for the latest information on Pick Your Own Dates and apple varieties available. We are certified organic for all crops! Payment: Cash, Check, Visa/MasterCard, Discover, AmEx. Click here for our Facebook page. We are the largest certified organic apple orchard in Southeastern Wisconsin. At our orchard, we grow our fruit certified organically. We do not use synthetically manufactured chemicals, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides or genetically modified products. We do plant flowers and shrubs that attract native pollinators to enhance the natural fruit tree. This promotes a healthy, balanced ecosystem, which is the best pest control available!. (ADDED: July 12, 2013)
  • Rim's Edge Orchard - apples, Honey from hives on the farm, Maple Syrup from trees on the farm, U-pick and already picked, farm market, gift shop, restrooms
    W220 N10550 Amy Belle Rd, Germantown, WI 53022. Phone: 262-509-0090. Email: rimsedgeorchard@gmail.com. Open: Monday to Saturday, from 9 am to 5pm; Sunday, from 10am to 5 pm, during the months of September and October. Click here for current open hours, days and dates. Directions: Exit highway 45 at Mequon/Lannon Road South. Drive 1/2 mile south to highway 175. North on highway 175 to Willow Creek Road (about 100 yards). Left on Willow Creek Road for 1 mile to Amy Belle Road Right on Amy Belle Road to Orchard (about 200 yards). Click here for a map and directions. Payment: Cash, Visa/MasterCard. Click here for our Facebook page. Limited Pick Your Own. Onsite orchard store with pre-picked varieties, caramel apples, fresh apple cider, WI maple syrup, local honey, apple gift packs. Honeycrisp, Zestar!, Snow Sweet, Strawberry, Idared, Cortland, McIntosh, Macoun, Empire, Honeygold, Ginger Gold, Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Russets, and others. (ADDED: August 12, 2013)

Waukesha County

  • Auntie Evies Apple Orchard - grapes,
    18900 W. National Ave, New Berlin, WI 53151. Phone: 262-679-3776. Email: belindabyers43@yahoo.com. Open: Everyday from 10 am to 5 pm. Directions: Click here for a map and directions. Payment: Cash, Check. (ADDED: September 12, 2011)
  • Elegant Farmer - pick your own apples, pumpkins, and squash
    1545 Main Street , Mukwonago, WI, 53149. Phone: 262-363-6770. Email us at: info@elegantfarmer.com. Directions. Crops are usually available in September and October. Directions: On County Highway ES between Mukwonago and East Troy, you’ll find a huge, rustic yellow barn (fresh prepicked produce market) surrounded by orchards and fields of fresh fruits and vegetables. During the fall, you can Pick Your Own fresh produce right from our fields and enjoy tons of special events and celebrations. Make your own caramel apples in September and October. Each new season, all year long, there are bushels of fun, farm-related activities at The Elegant Farmer. Railroad buffs won’t want to miss a visit to the nearby East Troy Electric Railroad and Trolley Museum, featuring public and charter rides on functional Electric Trolleys.
  • Basse's Taste of Country - Strawberries, Sugar, Garden and Snow Peas
    3190 County Line Q , Colgate, WI, 53017. Phone: 262-628-2626 . U-pick mid-June thru end of season. Open: 7 days per week 7am-5pm. They have port a potties and hand washing stations. Petting zoo and "rainbow" play system, picnic tables & concessions for strawberry sundaes, cones & shakes. There is a country store open 9am-2pm with a lot of other fresh produce and local products. Labor - Oct 31 is a corn maze and Oct weekends a pumpkin festival. Stage for plays etc. Lots more!!! See website for details of exact dates and times. They do take local checks and credit cards.
  • Homestead Animal Farm - pumpkins, summer squash, Winter squash, Gourds, Indian corn, straw bales, cornstalk bundles, restrooms, picnic area, farm animals, birthday parties, school tours
    W320 N9127 highway 83, Hartland, WI 53029. Phone: 262-966-3840. Email: hartlandmaze@gmail.com. Open: October 2nd through October 31st Saturdays and Sundays 10am to 6pm Wednesday October 27th 6:30pm to 10:00pm Thursday and Friday October 28th and 29th 10:00am to 5:00pm. Click here for current open hours, days and dates. Directions: We are 10.6 miles north of the I-94 at "Hwy. 83 North" exit; or 6.6 north of the highway 16 "Hwy. 83 North" exit; or 9.6 miles south of the highway 60 & highway 83 intersection. Our driveway is a few hundred yards north of the intersection of highway CW (aka Mapleton Road) and highway 83 on the west side of the road. It's the first drive on the west side of the road north of highway CW. Our approx. lat./long. coordinates are 43.1847, -88.3849. Click here for a map and directions. Payment: Cash, Check. Click here for our Facebook page. (ADDED: September 12, 2010)
  • NuGenesis Farm - Uses natural growing practices, beans, beets, broccoli, carrots, cucumbers, eggplant, herbs/spices, lavender, onions, other berries, peas, peppers, raspberries (black), summer squash, tomatoes, other vegetables, restrooms, picnic area, birthday parties, school tours, events at your location (call for info)
    N14w29503 Silvernail Road, Pewaukee, WI 53072. Phone: 800-969-3588. Alternate Phone: 262-490-3180. Email: info@nugenesisfarm.org. Open: Monday - Friday; 9am to 3pm and Saturdays 9am to noon. Directions: Click here for a map and directions. We use natural practices, but are not yet certified Organic. Payment: Cash, Check. Click here for our Facebook page. (ADDED: July 12, 2012)

Friday, September 20, 2013

Stonehenge

DIY Stonehenge

Old Noaa Sun position calculator

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/azel.html

New Noaa Sun position calculator

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/








Introductory Astronomy: Stonehenge

Goal: In this lab we will design Stonehenge-like monuments for different latitudes on Earth, thereby understanding how the sun appears to move throughout the year. These sheets also contain questions that should be answered in the writeup. Materials: solar-motion demonstrator, scientific calculator, ruler, protractor.
Today, Stonehenge is a broken stone ring 30 meters in diameter made of hewn blocks that mass between 25 and 50 tons each. The blocks were transported from Marlborough Downs, some 20 miles north of the Stonehenge site. The ring is called the "sarsen ring" and over half of its component blocks were quarried away sometime in the centuries between 2100 B.C. and today. Archaeologists have partially reconstructed some 16 of them, and 6 are now re-capped with their lintels. There is also an inner, horeshoe-shaped arrangement of 5 lintel-capped pairs called "trilithons". The whole arrangement is surrounded by a low earthwork embankment 100m in diameter with only one gap, to the northeast, in which direction lies another boulder known as the "heel stone". (That's not the heel stone in the upper part of the above picture, but one of four "station stones".)
The purpose of Stonehenge is astronomical. It is carefully aligned so that, if one sits at the center, one has a clear view of the summer-solstice sun rising over the heel stone. Such monuments are fairly common, such as Nabta or Karnak in Egypt, Teotihuacan in Mexico, Moose Mountain in Saskatchewan, Medicine Wheel in Wyoming, or scores of stone rings found in Britain and western Europe. Upon 20th century archaeological inquiry, it was discovered that the Stonehenge just described was one of several versions constructed on the site. The first (Stonehenge I) was built in 2400 B.C., and appears to have been by far the most practical. The Stonehenge we see today is Stonehenge III, and seems to be more of a monument to the earlier Stonehenges , a massive commemoration (perhaps ceremonial) of the earlier site, perhaps like the erection of a cathedral rather than a small, more practical church. One thing is for sure: with its smaller ring diameter, Stonehenge III is less accurate than its predecessors.
The basic Stonehenge plan is illustrated above, where north is straight up, east is to the right. The outer sarcen ring surrounds the inner 5 trilithons, which open up to the northeast. Lighter-grey colored stones are toppled, broken, or missing. Darker stones have been restored by archaeologists. FYI, more detailed maps of Stonehenge I and II, and III are included at lab's end (note that north is slanted left in these additional diagrams).

Procedure

Let us design a few Stonehenge-like plans for different places on Earth. For this we will use two methods: (1) seat-of-the pants using our solar motion demonstrators, and (2) using a calculator. Using a protractor, we will sketch lines of sight for midsummer (summer solstice) sunrise and sunset and midwinter (winter solstice) sunrise and sunset.
First, review the behavior of the sun during the year by filling in the following table.

Celestial Sphere Coordinates of the Sun

Date Name Right Ascension (hours) Declination (degrees north or south)
March 21 Spring Equinox


Summer Solstice


Autumn Equinox

Dec. 21


We will use the earthbound coordinate system of altitude and azimuth. Altitude measure the angle of an object in degrees above the horizon. So an object on the horizon has an altitude of 0 degrees, and an object straight overhead at the zenith has an altitude of 90 degrees. Azimuth is usually measured starting at North and increasing toward the East, so that an object due East has azimuth 90 degreees, and object due south has an azimuth of 180 degrees, and an object due west has an azimuth of 270 degrees.
Write some azimuths around the green portion of your solar motion demonstrator. Fill in the following table using your solar motion demonstrator tool. Each tick represents 10 degrees. Try to estimate the azimuths to the nearest degree. The Keck telescope is located on the big island of Hawaii.

Sunrise/set azimuths using solar motion device

Location Latitude Az. of summer sol. sunrise Az. of winter sol. sunrise Az. of summer sol. sunset Az. of winter sol. sunset
Equator 0.0



Pullman 46.8



Stonehenge 51.2



Anchorage 60.5



Next, upack your calculator and try the following formula.
sin D = sin o / cos L
Where
  • D is the maximum deviation from due east (for example, the sunrise azimuths will be 90 degrees plus and minus this number for summer and winter, respectively),
  • o is the tilt of the Earth's axis away from the ecliptic, 23.5 degrees, and where
  • L is the latitude of the observatory.
When you have computed sin D, just hit the inverse-sin button to get the answer.

Refined azimuths using trig. formula

Location Latitude D (from formula) Az. of summer sol. sunrise (90-D) Az. of winter sol. sunrise (90+D) Az. of summer sol. sunset (270+D) Az. of winter sol. sunset (270-D)
Equator 0.0




Pullman 46.8




Stonehenge 51.2




Anchorage 60.5



The formula assumes a perfectly flat horizon. Q1: How do the numbers in the second table compare with the numbers in the first? (Approximately, by how many degrees do the two estimates differ, on average?)
Next, using a ruler and protractor, sketch in lines of sight for the following observatory plans for each of 4 phenomena listed in the above tables. The first one, for the equator, is done for you, as a model.

Finally, note that, as in the figure below, if you look north, at the celestial north pole (CNP), the altitude of the CNP above the horizon is the same as the observer's latitude. (This checks for the equator, where the CNP is right on the horizon, and for the north pole, where the CNP is exactly overhead). Furthermore, the angle between the CNP and the celestial equator must always be 90 degrees. So if the sun is on the celestial equator then its noontime altitude can be found by adding all the angles: (Latitude) + (90) + (Sun Alt.) = (180).

N. Celestical Pole and celestial hemisphere figure


Noontime sun altitudes

Location Latitude Alt. of spring equinox noon sun Alt. of summer solstice noon sun Alt. of fall equinox noon sun Alt. of winter solstice noon sun
Equator 0.0



Pullman 46.8



Stonehenge 51.2



Anchorage 60.5



The builders of Stonehenge originally found that the sun reached the same spot on the horizon at midsummer by patient observation over several years. It must have been quite a discovery for these stone-age tribesmen! In your writeup, tell how you could (Q2) find north, (Q3 ) find your present latitude, and (Q4) set up a (small) stonehenge that would point to the rising and setting suns at the equinoxes and solstices. You can use measurement devices like a protractor, string, astrolabe (a protractor with a plumb-bob attached), and your solar-motion demonstrator, but you have to be able to do the job in a few days or nights - you can't wait years to see where the Sun actually goes.
stonehenge map

Figure: The early Stonehenge. The illustration shows several stages of construction at the site. The first of these, "Stonehenge I," is an earthwork ring about 100m in diameter and 2m high. Its completeness was broken (as of about 2400 BC) by a single gap directed in the approximate direction of an outlying marker called the Heel Stone. In this gap, excavation has uncovered a grid of post holes: the remains, it seems, of an effort to mark the northernmost excursion of the moon. Note that the Heel Stone lies slightly away from a line drawn from the center of the earthwork ring to the horizon point marking the midsumer (solstitial) sunrise; in 2400 BC the Heel Stone was presumably more erect, and thus the alignment was more nearly perfect. Stonehenge I also included a circle of chalk-filled holes now named after John Aubrey. At some later time, Stonehenge II was added. It comprises two mounds of earth, covering some of the chalk-filled holes, and also the so-called station stones. As shown in the illustration, these additions to the site mark out the corners of a rectangle whose sides and diagonal align with various risings and settings of the sun and moon. In about 2100 BC, Stonehenge III was constructed at the center of the site (shown by the circle of dashes). Stonehenge III is the megalithic structure that draws our attention to the site today. [From "The Great Copernicus Chase" by Owen Gingerich, 1992, Sky Publishing Corp.]

















Age: 8 and up
Time: 1 to 2 hours
Type of Activity: Science
Materials needed:
  • Center stake for reference point.
  • 50 feet of rope.
  • 20 to 30 marker stones or small stakes.
  • A compass.
Here's a unique way to celebrate the solstice: Build your own Stonehenge. As you might know, Stonehenge is one of the oldest (4,000+ years) and best known astronomical calendar sites in the world. You can recreate it without going through the bother of lugging 25 to 50 ton slabs of rock around the neighborhood. All you'll need is a bit of ambition, and a location offering an unobstructed view of the eastern or western horizon. Locations offering a 360� horizon view are ideal (and rare). What to do
The first thing you'll need to do is create a viewing circle. Anchor a reference stake at the center point of the circle and place your compass on top of it. Find due north and place a marker at 50 feet north of the center. Repeat the process for east, west and south. (The rope is used as a guide to insure that all markers are equidistant from the center stake.) Again, using the rope as a guide, place a small marker stone every few feet around the perimeter of your circle. The center of the circle now becomes your fixed reference point and the westward facing perimeter is where you'll be placing the sunset markers.
The calendar can be started at any time, but the solstice sunsets are the most fun. Mark the point of sunset with a pole, stake or other (not easily moved) marker. Tag the marker with the date of sunset.
Repeat the process every seven days or so. Over the weeks and months you'll note that the sun appears to "walk" faster at some times of the year than others. When you've finished (in a year's time) you'll have a working astronomical calendar and an excuse to invite friends and classmates over to the house to check the date.
Non-construction alternatives
  • Photo-op: Take a snapshot of the western skyline and tape it to the wall by a western facing window. With a felt tip marker draw an arrow on the photo corresponding to the point of sunset and note the date. Repeat the process.
  • Window marks: (This takes two people.) Standing at the same point in the room of a western facing window, have the other person make a small mark on the glass where the sun sets. Note the date and repeat the process on a weekly basis.
How it works
The principle behind an astronomical calendar is simple. The apparent rising and setting horizon point of the sun changes with each passing day. The different points correspond to different days of the year.
At minimum, an astronomical calendar only requires a fixed reference point for viewing and another fixed reference point marking the position of the rising and/or setting sun on the horizon.
In the Northern Hemisphere, if you were to watch a time-lapse movie of a year's worth of sunsets, you would notice that the sun appears to "walk" back and forth across the western horizon. The winter solstice marks the southern limit of the sun's journey and the summer solstice is the northern boundary. Closer examination would reveal that, with the exception of the two solstice extremes, every other point on the horizon is crossed twice during the course of the year. Once on the southern march and again on the northern return.
At the time of the winter and summer solstices, (around December 22 and June 22) the sun is directly overhead at either the Tropic of Cancer (summer) or the Tropic of Capricorn (winter). In the Northern Hemisphere these dates mark the beginnings of summer and winter and the days of the longest and shortest hours of daylight.

Wednesday, September 11, 2013

Boat Fuel Usage Calculations



Best AnswerVoter's Choice
True... all boats burn so much gas it is measured in gallons per hour and not gallons per mile. To a large degree however, the type and size of your boat as well as the type of hull and size of it's engine (or engines) can make a huge difference.

While a small fishing boat with a small outboard will typically burn less then 2 gallons an hour, 20 foot runabouts and open bow boats might burn 5 gallons an hour, and your ski boats and medium size cruisers (26' and under) will burn about 10 gallons an hour. Above that, your getting into the real gas guzzlers... 28' foot and larger twin screw (or twin engine) cruisers can easily burn 30, 40 or more gallons an hour. Many 36 footers and up will have 300 gallon fuel tanks, and they will burn it all in an average day just cruising around.

But you can sail around the world in a sailboat on $75.00 worth of fuel for your auxiliary engine.

Happy & Safe Boating,
John
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Multiply the HP by 0.10 for a gasoline boat engine to estimate the fuel consumption. According to Boat Safe, "Gasoline four stroke inboard engines need about 1 gallon per hour for every 10 hp used." Divide by 10 instead, if you like.

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·  Multiply the number of intended passengers by 170. Add this number to the weight of the boat. Include the weight of the hull, motor, fuel and safety equipment. The total is your working displacement.
·  2
Divide the total displacement by the horsepower of the motor you want to use.
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·  3
Divide the drag coefficient for a single hull (180) by the square root of the answer to Step 2. The answer is the approximate speed in statute miles.
·  4
Multiply the answer by 0.869 to get your speed in knots.
Example: Total displacement = 2,500 lbs, horsepower = 75
2,500/75 = 33
Square root of 33 = 5.77
180/5.55 = 31 mph
31 * .869 = 27 knots